Потенціал вживаної деревини та шляхи її використання в Україні

Сергій Гайда

doi:10.36930/42093509

Authors

S.V. Gayda Ukrainian National Forestry University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7468-5661

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36930/42093509

Keywords:

wood, post-consumer wood, wood preservative agents, post-consumer wood systematization, post-consumer recovered wood coding, recycling, waste management, energy recovery, assignment waste wood, CO2-emisisons.

Abstract

Wooden products should be designed and made in a way that ensures efficient energy recovery at the end of their life time. This should be done after any other potentials of material recycling are exploited and with a minimal technical effort and environmental impact. Consequently, criteria for the design of wooden products, such as shape or color, have to be extended by criteria for an efficient energy recovery, regarding also aspects of reuse and material recycling of wooden products or its components. The study aims at the development of design criteria for wooden products, which meet the requirements towards sustainable economics in terms of shape, functionality, reuse, recycling and energy recovery after the final use on material level.

This paper gives an overview about the Ukrainian definitions and classification principles for hazardous wastes on the Ukrainian level. Further, it describes the assessment of treated wood waste properties and the classification system of wood wastes applied in the Ukrainian classifier of waste wood. Finally, it presents an overview about the main actives in treated wood wastes, their classification according to the established Ukrainian codification and the problems arising thereof for the Ukrainian impregnation industry.

The most relevant achievements of this research were reached in the following areas of interest: management of recovered wood; amounts of recovered wood; quality aspects of recovered wood; energy generation; market aspects of recovered wood; greenhouse effects of recovered wood; design of wood products.

The most interesting results gained during research are:

The amount of Recovered Wood in Ukraine (assumption, 2008) is about 2.9 Mio. t/a which corresponds to about 13 % of the annual round wood consumption of 14.3 Mio. t/a and about 43.5 PJ/a (12.1 TWh/a) or 6,7 % of the current annual primary energy consumption in Ukraine of about 181 TWh in 2008 year.
As 46.7 Mio. Inhabitants (2006) are in the Ukraine, there is an annual specific amount of recovered wood of about 62 kg/capita (*additional potential).
It is assumed, that about 0.3-0.4 Mio. t/a are CCA treated wood, which are about 10-13 % of the annual amount of recovered wood.

All four groups can be used for energy generation to produce useful energy like heat and electricity in special dedicated combustion plants. For recycling to new wooden products (e.g. wooden based panels) mainly the group 1 and 2 are feasible. Currently in Ukraine the recovered wood is used (Baseline 2008, assumption) for the following management options: 24 % for energy generation, 10 % for recycling and reuse and the rest of 66 % for composting, landfill and unknown options.

These 2.9 Mio. t/a contribute to:

15 PJ/a fossil fuel savings because of energy generation;
1 Mio. t/a fresh wood savings because of recycling and reuse;
1 Mio. t/a CO₂

A comparison for different Scenarios for the use of recovered wood for energy generation and recycling is made; in which it is assumed, that each of the Scenarios provides the same amount of useful energy and wooden products. This means for energy generation, if less recovered wood is used an additional amount of fossil fuels is needed. For recycling it means, if less recovered wood is used additional fresh wood from sustainable forest management is needed.

The total CO₂-emissions decrease significantly by an increasing share of recovered wood used for energy generation and vice versa. The additional amount of CO₂-emissions from providing fresh wood is increasing by an increasing share of recovered wood for energy, but the increase is insignifi-cantly or even negligible compared to the achievable CO₂-reduction from substituting fossil fuels for energy generation. The CO₂-emissions of providing fresh wood of Scenario 2 «Energy generation only» are with 0.087 Mio. t/a the lowest and in Scenario 3 «maximum recycling» with 3.076 Mio. t/a the highest. Assuming that Scenario 1 «Energy generation and recycling» with CO₂-emisisons of 1.854 Mio. t/a is most realistic future situation. Compared to the «Baseline 2008» of Ukraine the increase of the share of recovered wood for recycling would increase the CO₂-emissions of about 0.633 Mio. t/a; whereas with an increasing share of recovered wood for energy generation a maximum CO₂-emission reduction of about 2.443 Mio. t/a might be achieved.

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